Mental Retardation Essay -- Papers

Mental Retardation Mental retardation is defined as, an individual with limitations in cognitive ability and adaptive behaviors that interfere with learning. Individuals with mental retardation learn at a slower pace, have low IQs, and may reach a level where learning stops. There are no exact causes for mental retardation but some things are associated with the disability. Prenatal development problems, childbirth difficulties, and a childhood brain injury can all lead to mental retardation. An individual with mental retardation might have problems in learning and societal skills. Learning problems can include difficulty making decisions, short attention spans, and limited strategies for dealing with changes. Problems they face with social skills are cosmos to friendly, difficulty labeling emotions, and being wary of new places. Despite the setbacks and individual with mental retardation can receive an education and lead a productive role in society. I Am Sam is about a mentally retarded man named Sam (Sean Penn). In...

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm Essay by George OrwellIn the book Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the idea of howpower can corrupt is depicted in the novel. The theme of the novelis Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Whenone receives to much power, much(prenominal) as the character cat log Zs, itforms a dictatorship like government in which all decisions aremade by one man. When a revolution happens, or a sudden changeoccurs people begin to grow unhappy while working for theirgovernment with no say in any governmental decisions. When the animals of Animal Farm took over there mainbeliefs were based on their made up commandments calledAnimalism. The beliefs derived from this law were basically thatman is our enemy, all animals are comrades, do not becomelike man, and no animal should be more powerful and so another. These views were from Old Major, who had given a speech to stirthe animals into rebellion. Old Majors dream was for the earth tobe ran by animals. When Old Major die d, snowball, Napoleon,and Squealer replaced him. At first things started pip pretty wellthe harvest was very good the first year and the reading and writingsystem had helped some, but had limited success on others. Napoleon soon shared his view on education and took the puppiesinto his home and started t for each oneing them. In time the leaders ofanimal farm started to have mixed feelings. Snowball said theanimals only had to work three days a week, but Napoleon said itwould only result in the animals starving to death. Napoleon thenhad the dogs massacre off Snowball. Napoleon had eliminated Sundaymorning meetings. The committee of pigs were now the leadersand there were no more debates. Napoleon soon startedbrainwashing the dispirit class of animals to believe him. Thetraditions of Old Major were soon forgotten, it was now Napoleonsplans. Under new leader Napoleon the work week had beenextended so that each animal had to work 60 hour weeks. Napoleon also hired Mr. Whymper as a go between for trade. Napoleons hiring of Mr. Whymper had gone against Animal Farmsmotto. The pigs now lived in the house and changed some ofAnimal Farms laws such as no animal shall sleep in a bed wasnow changed to no animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets. Thelaws were changed to fit Napoleons needs. Napoleon had changedaround their seven commandments One was no animal shall killanother,this was changed to no animal shall kill another without

Zora Neale Hurston, Alice Walker, and Paule Marshall :: essays papers

Zora Neale Hurston, Alice Walker, and Paule MarshallAlice Walker, through her essay In Search of Our Mothers Gardens, and Paule Marshall, in Poets In The Kitchen, both write about the Afro-American women of the past and how these women pose had an impact on their writing. Walker and Marshall write about an identity they have found with these women because of their exposure to the African culture. These women were searching for emancipation and freedom. Walker expresses independency as found in the creative spirit, and Marshall finds it through the spoken word. Walker and Marshall celebrate these womens lives and they see them as inspirations to set out black women writers.Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat embodies some aspects that are found in Walkers and Marshalls essays. Delia, the main character, has an identity that is found through her hard work and spirituality. She also finds her freedom and independence in her home.It is essential to first analyze Walkers and Marshalls essays through each of the themes of identity, independence, and inspiration, respectively. Then these themes will be drawn out of Hurstons work to show the similarity surrounded by each of these writers works.Walker and Marshall write about an identity that they have found with African-American women of the past. They both refer to great writers such as Zora Neale Hurston or Phillis Wheatley. But more importantly, they connect themselves to their ancestors. The see that their writings can be identified with what the unknown African-American women of the past longed to say but they did not have the freedom to do so. They both admire many literary greats such as Charles Dickens, Virginia Woolf, and Jane Austen, but they appreciate these authors works more than they can identify with them.Walkers and Marshalls realization is related to the African-American culture that they have been exposed to throughout their lives. Walker states that Therefore we must pull out of ourselves and look at and identify with our lives the backup creativity some of our great-grandmothers were not allowed to know. I stresssome of them because it is well-known that the majority of our great-grandmothers knew without even knowing it, the reality of their spirituality, even if they didnt recognize it beyond what happened in the singing at church (Walker, 1996 2318-2319). Walker delves into the subconscious and ever-present spirituality that is found in African-American women and she believes that it is important to identify with this.

Degradation of Women in Jack Kerouac’s On The Road Essay -- On The Roa

The Degradation of Women in On The Road An argument can be made that the women in Jack Kerouacs On The Road are not as geekistically well developed as the men. Through Sal and Deans interactions with women, the reader sees that there exist two types of females in this smart - the benevolent utter(a)/mother figure or the prostitute. Women are constantly referred to in a negative way or blatantly degraded and insulted by numerous characters. However, Kerouac (through the character of Sal) exhibits sympathy for women. Sal does occasionally participate in female stereotyping, but this is s hint because he wants to fit in. Although Sal may try to make arguments against the poor treatment of women, the novel in its entirety seems to reinforce male domination. On the Road endorses the belief that women exist as either a virgin or a whore and Sals character is not strong enough to offset this belief(Bartlett 135). Although women are portrayed negatively in the novel, they do play a key consumption in many ways. Dean always needs to have a woman around to make his experiences more real. As a result, women in normal are often degraded. Marylou, for example, is constantly talked about but never talked to. She is not socially valuable enough to engage in conversation. When Dean tries to persuade Sal to respite with Marylou, the dialogue is between Sal and Dean. Marylou doesnt have one line. All she really has is a little go ahead. That is all and that really does not even imply cooperation only coercion like go ahead and You do Your thing to me. Dean is flippantly wanting... ...icate Dynamics of Friendship A Reconsideration of Kerouacs On The Road. American Literature. v46 200-206. 1974. Holmes, John C. The Philosophy of the Beat Generation. On the Road. textbook and Criticism. By Jack Kerouac. Ed. Scott Donaldson. bare-assed York Penguin, 1979. 367-79. Kerouac, Jack. On The Road. Ed. Scott Donaldson. New York Penguin, 1979. Krupat, Arnold. Dean Moriarty as Sain tly Hero. On the Road. Text and Criticism. By Jack Kerouac. Ed. Scott Donaldson. New York Penguin, 1979. 397-411. Lorch, Thomas M. Purdys Malcolm A Unique Vision of Radical Emptiness. Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature. 6 (1965) 204-13. Purdy, James. Malcolm. London, New York Serpents Tail, 1994. Watson, Steven. The Birth of The Beat Generation. New York 1981

The Role of Minor Characters in Shakespeares Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

The Role of Minor Characters in Shakespeares Hamlet Minor characters play a truly crucial role in Shakespears Hamlet. They serve as narrators for events that occurred outside the immediate play the Danes skin senses. Distinct contrasts are created through the usage of the plays minor characters. The reader gains bare-ass perspective on Hamlets character when he is compared with Laertes. The presence of these minor characters can also have a direct effect on the action of the play. The actors in the play within the play are used to expose the guilt of Claudius Hamlet then has proof of the Kings crimes. The expertise use of these characters - either to exemplify rock-steady and purity, or to spread the vile corruption which permeates Elsinore - is one of the main reasons for Hamlets success as one of the greatest plays ever written. Some events in Hamlet mustiness be narrated to the reader, and to the major characters, through minor characters which have a direct link to the even ts. Shakespear builds the undefiled play around information which was narrated to Hamlet by his fathers ghost. The ghost tells Hamlet of events which the reader would otherwise never know about the murder of the former Dane by Claudius. When Horatio reads the letter that he has received from Hamlet the reader is conscious of how Hamlet has evaded Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Also, the events occurring in Norway reach the court by means of an emissary, Voltimand, sent to check on Fortinbras. These events have a strong and direct relevancy to the diagram and movement of the play. Shakespear uses contrast to highlight the qualities of the characters in Hamlet this contrast shows up in the minor characters. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, false friends of Hamlet who succumb to Claudius corruptness, serve as a distinct contrast to the loyal friendship that Horatio shares with Hamlet. Voltimand is used to contrast Polonius often comic verbosity. While Polonius dresses up all his speeches with the language of the court, Voltimand is able to give his entire report on Fortinbras in a matter of seconds. The most powerful foil in the play is between Laertes and Hamlet. Upon hearing of the death of his father, Laertes becomes enraged, and seeks immediate retribution he does not delay, and acts instantaneously. When the ghost tells Hamlet of Claudius crimes, Hamlet is unable to act. He procrastinates, missing many opportunities to avenge his father, and acts when it is already too late.

The Role of Minor Characters in Shakespeares Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

The Role of Minor Characters in Shakespeares crossroads Minor characters play a very crucial role in Shakespears juncture. They serve as narrators for events that occurred outside the immediate play the Danes ghost. Distinct contrasts are created through the usage of the plays minor characters. The reader gains new perspective on Hamlets character when he is compared with Laertes. The presence of these minor characters can also put one over a direct effect on the action of the play. The actors in the play within the play are apply to expose the guilt of Claudius Hamlet then has proof of the Kings crimes. The expertise use of these characters - either to exemplify good and purity, or to spread the vile corruption which permeates Elsinore - is nonpareil of the main reasons for Hamlets success as one of the greatest plays ever written. Some events in Hamlet must be narrated to the reader, and to the major characters, through minor characters which have a direct link to the events. Shakespear builds the entire play around information which was narrated to Hamlet by his fathers ghost. The ghost tells Hamlet of events which the reader would otherwise never last about the murder of the former Dane by Claudius. When Horatio reads the letter that he has received from Hamlet the reader is informed of how Hamlet has evaded Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Also, the events occurring in Norway reach the court by means of an emissary, Voltimand, sent to check on Fortinbras. These events have a strong and direct relevancy to the plot and movement of the play. Shakespear uses contrast to highlight the qualities of the characters in Hamlet this contrast shows up in the minor characters. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, false friends of Hamlet who succumb to Claudius corruptness, serve as a distinct contrast to the loyal friendship that Horatio shares with Hamlet. Voltimand is use to contrast Polonius often comic verbosity. While Polonius dresses up all his speeches with the la nguage of the court, Voltimand is able to give his entire report on Fortinbras in a take of seconds. The most powerful foil in the play is between Laertes and Hamlet. Upon hearing of the death of his father, Laertes becomes enraged, and seeks immediate vengeance he does not delay, and acts instantaneously. When the ghost tells Hamlet of Claudius crimes, Hamlet is unable to act. He procrastinates, missing many opportunities to avenge his father, and acts when it is already too late.

Analysis of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple Essay

No ane is exempt from the possibility of a conscious participation to All That Is. Alice footer explores this quote through with(predicate) the paper of Celie. Just like the color proud, the truth, no one is exempt from. No one fecal matter endure away from the truth. It is inevitably inescapable. Starting off in a rather rough put, Celie starts off her recital at the cartridge holder she is raped for the first time by her own father. Rather straight forward, baby-walker captures her readers interest right in the beginning of her refreshed.Blood is thicker than water. This saying is most exemplified end-to-end The Color Purple. Love, the tale of cardinal sisters reconnecting, was one of the major themes of the news report. In depth, love life was not always romantic, but existent. There were different types of love depicted in the novel love between family, friends, and couples. Love, in turn, helps with creating and develop custodyt of kin between characters.Many o ther themes are depicted in this great scat of apologue Race, racism, African American women and men, insultd wives, sexuality, and relationships. These many themes are illustrated throughout the novel through different puts and people. Structuring her writing in short journal entries to paragon and the family of Celie, the dishonour character, cart employed them as one of the three symbols throughout the work of fiction. Traumatizing and explicit events occur during the entries which lead to the internal and external conflicts that give take enthrone through the duration of the novel. In addition to these graphic events that were both inconceivable and horrific in every sense for Celie, the events described in the entries led to the novel creation banned within somewhat high take aims.In The Color Purple, Alice Walker writes in a southern idiom and low level diction. The setting takes place in rural areas of the south where race played a huge part during the time when discrimination was more prevalent in America. base on the level of diction, Walker writes in an uneducated, southern style. By writing in this type of style Walker is able to fully exemplify Celies thoughts creating a s a lot understanding for the reader by revealing her level of education and social class. Sequenti eithery, this addsverisimilitude to the novel.Born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, tabun Alice Walker was nurtured by two sharecroppers and was the youngest of eight children by Minnie Tallulah Grant and Willie Lee Walker. When she was young she suffered from a traumatizing experience of being shot by a BB Gun in the pump by her little brother. She was bullied at an early age because of the scaring of her eye which was finally removed by her doctor eight years after the incident occurred. in the first place having the scaring removed, Walker wrote in order to escape her reality, similar to Celie. She attends segregated schoolings throughout her adolescent years an d achieves success by graduating from high school and then attends Spelman College, a college founded for African American women.While attending Spelman, Walker also gets involved in the Civil Rights Movement. By furthering her education, she attended Sarah Lewis College and continues to be apart of the Civil Rights movement. later college, Walker got a job and soon after ironically married a White Civil Rights lawyer named Melvyn Leventhal two years later. The irony of it all is that she marries a Jewish and Caucasian priapic when all her writing consists of racism, African American struggles, and abuse. Ultimately, the marriage ended in divorce after having conceived their first and solely child, Rebecca.Not unless recognized for writing novels, Alice Walker is also recognized for her collections of poetry. Her first collection is titled, Once. After publishing her first collection of poetry, she began teaching at Jackson State College where she taught in the murky Studies Pro gram. She continued to teach and eventually started publishing novels while continuing to publish poetry too. The Color Purple was Alice Walkers third novel. The struggles that Alice Walker had to endure herself as a child are what helped manifest her development of The Color Purple. This proclaimed book and later question picture, earned two prestigious rewards the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award. The novel achieved a tremendous amount of success and was made into a film that was produced by Steven Spielberg in 1985. Years after, in 2005, its first Broadway musical was produced.Alice Walker continues to be known for her novels about African American women and her work definitely describes the effect that abuse in the home has on individuals. Which goes to show when it comes to The Color Purple as Celie was emotionally and physically abused by her father. The constant telling that she was too ugly, reservation her quit school at a young age, and being raped were some of the ways that created the lack of trust within Celies family circle. Celie writes letters to God which illustrated a contrast between her spirituality and lack of faith. Evident, since she does not write to God in hopes of being saved, but out of her misery, despair, and lack of hope that brio will never work out in her favor.Essentially, Walker chooses to record thoughts of the protagonist with a low level diction and southern dialect allowing Celies thoughts to be fully denotative. Based on Celies writing technique you know she is uneducated and she admits to it when she says how her father took her out of school and let her sister, Nettie, keep going. edition The Color Purple can be described as confusing by those who are not used to such low level and recreational writing style. Many might stumbled upon Celies choice of words and order of her thoughts. Alice Walker captures Celies true smell outing and the way she actually thinks by spell out word wrong like ask. She spell s ask like ast which further exemplifies that Celie is far from being smart.Further into the novel, diction becomes more advanced once the point of look is change from Celie alternating to Nettie. so the letters are from Nettie writing back to Celie. The switch in diction earned some scrutiny by the newborn York Times, If Alice Walkers celebrated and prize-winning earlier novel, The Color Purple, had a glaring flaw, it was Netties letters from Africa, which tended to a certain monotonous didacticism. Although appraised for this, by writing with better grammar and a higher level diction, Walker reminds the readers that Nettie is educated unlike her sister. You are able to compare Celies writing to her sister and it creates more realism for Celies character as it defines her lack of education. In contrast, Netties letters speaks to the audience revealing purpose not out of despair, nonetheless quite different than Celies letters. She talks about the civilization of Africa, politic s, issues on racism that Celie was not very familiar with.Also, Netties letters adds more credibility to Celies character.Clearly, the diction and dialect show Celies lack of intelligence, but it also help you understand where the setting takes place. The way Celie speaks and the word choice she uses gives you in quid on the rural areas where the setting takes place. The setting often paints an image of a farm as Celie writes in her journal entries how she and Harpo would work in the fields. The setting, taking place in the rural areas of Georgia helps to create atmosphere and establishes credibility and verisimilitude. In turn, this creates realism. Walker uses cultural circumstances of African Americans to help shape her setting. The upsetting, stressful, and tragic tones create a rather harmonized and emotional atmosphere.Race plays a huge role in The Color Purple. All African Americans were viewed as the weaker race, but African American woman were stand for as the weaker gend er between both sexes. The males take on an crushing role and abuse their wives to keep them under their control. After the constant abuse Celie looses gazump in her own race, self, and gender. It is not until she learns about some of the wealthy societies of Africa and essentially the color purple that she regains some of her pride that was taken away by the males in her life.Racism against Blacks inflicted by Whites, other theme depicted, was sound as essential to race as it was to the dehumanization of African Americans. Setting the tone, such blatant, unfair and harsh treatment during early times serves for the foundation of how Blacks treated their own kind. They have the nerve to try to come to us think slavery fell through because of us, say Sofia. Like us didnt have sense enough to handle it (102). Unlike most in the novel, Sofia had pride in her race. She did not let racism change her outlook and reflection of herself and race. Seemingly, a sense of pride that one coul d only wish that most African Americans exhibited.Another theme expressed in The Color Purple is African American women and abused wives. Walker paints a picture that all Black males are controlling and disrespect their wives. To some Black males the way Walker portrayedthem was offensive. According to the New York Times, critics claimed that Alice Walker portrayed black men harshly. Many Black men felt that Walker expressed prejudice views toward them especially since she married a White man. With that being said, others commended her for her depicting.In essence, many felt that The Color Purple encouraged lesbianism not only offended African American men. This is confirmed in an article on race and domesticity in The Color Purple. The article states that the novel was degrading to Black men and promoting lesbianism among Black women. The males in the novel were Celies antagonists. Some felt that Walker had something against African American males and that she thought they were al l bad. Likewise, sensing any hostility toward Walker against African American males is understandable. Furthermore, the author was just trying to tell a story of the love of two sisters and the hardships of African American women and wives down south in the early 1900s.Due to the disturbing events that Celie had to endure through her childhood especially she does not even label men in her journal entries. Celie always referred to them as Mr.___. Perhaps in a way this was her way of taking away power from males. The only good feelings and sexual ones are given to her by females, one in particular Shug Avery. The constant and explicit talk about sexuality is one of the many reasons why there are high schools who banned the work of fiction from school curriculums.According to the School Library Journal, The Color Purple ranks 18 on the American Library Associations list of hundred most frequently challenged books. With that being said, high schools forbid their school libraries from ordering the book. The incestual scenes between Celie and her father alarmed the parents of Little Axe High School and they mogul the school to ban the novel (Norman). Although there are some overtly explicit experiences Celie dealt with, it is nothing that should be banned. Some high schools, usually those with a preponderantly Black population can relate to this story, but schools like Little Axe High School probably would find a harder time relating to the story since their school is predominantly White. However, that does not mean someone White would not enjoy reading the novel.A Caucasian student, attending Warren Mott high school as a senior this year, actually enjoyed reading the novel in her English 11 class her junior year.To help enhance the understanding of African American culture and history, The Color Purple has been put in many high school curriculums. A case study written by drench Baum states that, Woods High School added The Color Purple to its curriculum to rect ify its balance of gendered and raced texts. Adding on, reading The Color Purple for opposite races and even African Americans themselves can give much insight on some of the oppressed, abused, cultural backgrounds of African Americans.Throughout the novel, Celie struggles with her sexuality. This is an example of the internal conflict within Celie. All her life she was overcome and raped by the men, including her father and husband. Dealing with much abuse causes Celie to have no confidence. Celie has no sense of her own actuality. She has no self worth, inner beauty, or formal intelligence. As Celie works through her internal conflict, the symbols employed throughout the novel are shown. The conflicts worked through the novel to add to the tragic and upsetting atmosphere.along with internal conflict, there was also some external conflict. There was external conflict between Celie and the men in her life. Her father and husband are just some of the examples of external conflict. N ot only did the protagonist have external conflicts between men, other supporting characters such as Sofia and Harpo did as well. The males in the story try to dominate their women, while some succeed in doing so and others do not. Celie is an example of the women who accepted the oppression and just tried to survive. Day by day, she never fought back until given the courage in the end. Sofia, on the other hand, was an example of how women fought back against the sexist ideas that men could do whatever they wanted to overpower their wives, including beat them. Relationships were significant in the development of the novel.The relationships between women and women, men and women, and people and God were illustrated. Just like there was love among the women, there was also jealously. The fond regard between Shug and Celie startedoff with jealously as Shug was prettier and was able to get the attention of Celies husband and stand up to him. The women stayed within competition of one a nother until they were finally able to ban to together and rise against the men in their lives that were keeping them down. The relationship between Celie and Shug was one the most prominent relationship in the story. After their bond was formed Celie learns many life lessons that ultimately help to liberate her from the captivity of male dominance in the story.Next, the relationships between men and women often lacked love and passion in their marriages. The men were too busy following after their fathers that they never learned how to truly love their wives. Depicted in the novel, Black men felt they had to wear the breeches this idea transcends through The Color Purple as the men fail to break away from the tradition of trying to tame and train their wives. In doing so, some lost their wives respect and love in some circumstances.Instances such as when Harpo observed his fathers relationship between him and his wife. Harpo formed the conclusion that by beating his wife like his father did to Celie, he might create a more controlling and pass judgment relationship between him and his wife. Trying to earn her respect by watching his fathers relationship with Celie, he beats his wife, Sofia. In response, Sofia lashes out and fights back. She was the gross(a) example of women who were true to themselves in mind and physique. Additionally, the males in the novel let their violent fathers dictate how they handled their own relationships.Furthermore, the relationships that Celie encounters with men in her life cause her to feel no type of attraction or passion from men. Naw, I say. Mr.______ can tell you, I dont like it at all. What is it like? He git up on you, heist your nightgown round your waist, plunge in. Most times I pretend I aint there. He never know the difference. Never ast me how I feel, nothing. Just do his business, get off, go to sleep(77). In this excerpt, Celie describes how she felt about having intercourse with her husband. Unfortunate enough , no love or passion is felt, just abuse.Last, but not least, the relationship among people and God was exemplified through Celie and how she views God. After being raped Celie loses her sense of love with God. To Celie, God was a male therefore, she lost faith in him like all the other males she had to encounter in her life. Writing to him out of loss of hope, she loses sight of the color purple and the liberation of life. By the end of the novel, Celie realizes the color purple is nature and the two combined is God as well. Viewing the two as one, she grasps the feeling of joy and being free.Symbolism takes place throughout the novel. Like God, the color purple, represented nature. It stands for all the beauty that nature beholds and one of the unrecognized truths Celie had yet to understand. Celie had no idea of what the color purple was in the beginning. She lived life only to get to the next day. It was not until Shug came into her life that she gets a sense of the color purple . Then she is able to liberate herself from the control of her husband and move forward in life. Until you do right by me, I say, everything you even dream about will fail. I give it to him straight, just like it come to me. And it seem to come to me from the trees (206). This quote is evident of Celies transformation. Once wounded, she is now a warrior. Unrecognized, the color purple was the main idea of the story carried forward, hence its name.Later on in the novel once Celie is living her life freely without the strong hand of men, she begins to make pants. Gaining a sense of actuality, beauty, and confidence in herself, Celie wears the pants as well as making them. The pants symbolized how Celie overcame the sexism she always was subjugated to. Since pants, culturally was a male article of clothing in the early 1990s, wearing and producing them gave Celie a sense of power she never felt before. The idea that men wore the pants was no extended a belief of Celie and it proves tr ue in the novel. She no longer felt oppressed and afraid emotionally or economically. Her clothing business consisting of only pants was one of the starting blocks in her life that she was not afraid of men and she did not need them to support her emotionally or financially either. Therefore, pants being symbolic of manhood in many ways, making them was liberating for Celie.God was also a symbol, not just the color purple and pants. Writing to God is what unbroken Celie life moving. Her letters to God were an indication that she was still alive and sane. Furthermore, the letters added to the verisimilitude of the novel. The employed symbol was used to give insight to the setting through Celies eyes which helped to create realism.The Color Purple expresses the theme that everyone has a story to tell. Celies story was told in the novel. Going more in depth, the plot of the story helps enlighten readers on all the themes discussed in the previous paragraphs. The plot shaped the Walker s story into a tragic love story that of two sisters trying to reunite once again. The violence, abuse, and sexuality of the plot are told from Celies perspective and through her writing of letters the other themes in the novel are revealed symbols, marriage, and race.As stated in the Masterplots Revised Second Edition, Alice Walkers novel is unique in its preoccupation with spiritual survival and with exploring the oppressions, insanities, loyalties, and triumphs of Black women. speech production to many unrecognized truths and possibilities of life, The Color Purple employs symbols in order to let those truths become understood. Setting, structure, diction, and dialect serve the purpose of verisimilitude for Walker. She uses them to create realism and credibility for her readers. Although criticized for her portrayal of African American men, the novel is still to this day a classic. The critical analysis of sex and lesbianism caused much uproar in some high school including Littl e Axe High School resulting in the banning of the novel in the schools curriculum. Yet, it remains a best seller.

Heritage Doll company Essay

I agree with efflorescence to attain full compliance with SOX. As you know about height is private partnership and will be seeking for revolutionary external funding to expansion into a new segment of the printing sector therefore, the new investors are requisite for them because they have to access capital market to raise money for the expansion to a lot invest in equipment as salutary as substract inventory and adding more promotional costs thus they have to going publics and this is a time decision for them because it will be forever changes how Apex goes through doing their business so a Initial Public Offering (IPO) has access to more and deeper of information, sources of capital than a private ships social club thus they needed the 1st thing to align with SOX by going to public.Apex need to assess their readiness for stable sustain as a public company by requires all management to be prepare to meet shareholder and market expectations and address ongoing compliance and regulatory requirements, operational effectiveness, risk management, annual reporting and investor relations. The one of preparation if Apex established the necessary financial statement integrity through the implementation of effective internal control placement to support managements reporting obligations as a public company they needed to obey with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 (SOX) for successful to going public.Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 (SOX) match to PricewaterhouseCoopers mentioned about SOX that it is current regulatory and disclosure issues if company will transform to IPO should consider the followingInternal Controls Sarbanes-Oxley requires a management representatives are chief executive officer and CFO to provide certain certifications in periodic with the Securities and exchange Commission (SEC) Audit committee Sarbanes-Oxley requires public company to have set up canvass committee by one of team have to expert in financial skill. Board of Director Require external e xpert= member from other(a) company. Auditor relationship Require company have to clarify their existing relationship with their outside audit firm. Code of ethical motive Requires a code of ethics for senior financial officer. Loan to company executives Prohibits public company from maintaining credit in the form of a personal loan.One of the advantages when they focus on SOX404 is that it forces company to think pro-actively, identify risks, document an assess existing controls and then design new preventive or detective controls. More everyplace, Connor from Corporate Responsibility Magazine mentioned that SOX has benefited their company because of the recently proposed management guidance from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Boards (PCAOB) to improve efficiency and quality over the long term.Therefore, Apex needed to comply with SOX by going to public aimed to expansion business to other operation and adding more inv estor. This benefit for Apex to comply this standards.ReferencesConnors, T. SOX Benefits. Retrieved from http//www.thecro.com/node/400Medeiros, M. (2013). Preparing for SOX 404(b) and an IPO. Retrieved from http//www.wolfandco.com/solutions/insights/602-preparing_for_sox_404_b_and_an_ipo/viewPricewaterhouseCoopers. Roadmap for an IPO. Retrieved from http//www.pwc.com/us/en/transaction-services/assets/roadmap-for-an-ipo-a-guide-to-going-public.pdf

Food security Essay

The fiber of urban floriculture in nourishment security and healthy nutrition is believably the most important asset. Production of food in cities is in many cases a response of the urban poor to inadequate, unreliable and irregular attack to food, and the insufficiency of purchasing power. Urban agriculture, to a life-size extent, complements rural agriculture and increases the efficiency of the national food system in that it provides products that rural agriculture discountnot supply easily. For typesetters case perishable products that require rapid delivery upon harvest can be produced in cities where facilities are readily available.Environmental Urban agriculture has helped a carve up in maintaining the environment that has been depleted so much. This can happen in several ways. For instance farmers utilisation waste water for irrigational purposes in their farms. However farmers wish to be trained in self protection during handling of the waste water, proper crop selection and adequate irrigation methods, among many other things. Farming in urban areas means rehabilitating the already depleted grunges in the urban areas.By doing this, the farmers are able to help save the environment that has been wasted by pollution (DeWalt, 1985). 4. Case study, Washington D. C Urban agriculture was part of an historical welfare system during the 18th and 19th centuries in Washington D. C. Urban residents had access to areas of urban agriculture land that was distributed to meet the needs of urban inhabitants and all the people who lived in Washington D. C. Individuals who lived in and around the urban center had adequate land to practice urban agriculture (Ross, 2007).The history of urban agriculture in Washington was mainly meant to help reduce the number of poverty cases in the city (Ross, 2003). The growth and development of allowance gardens in Washington during the 20th century was in similar ways objectively aiming at supporting urban operative class families and individuals. The problem today aims in the same direction, where growth and development of urban agriculture in Washington, more especially in low income areas, relates to problems of food quality, social welfare and public health.Nevertheless, urban agriculture in Washington today is made up of an increasing urban collect for organic local anesthetic food doing, particularly among the urban middle societies. Historically in Washington, a small number of upper class urban residents had access to very large areas of land (Ross, 2000). This group was not producing for self-support in first hand, but had the requirements of selling part of their locally produced harvest, as food was difficult to transport. Urban agriculture in Washington has thus had many functions of social welfare and commercial activity.Interesting historical lessons and comparisons can be made as we discuss the function and role of urban agriculture in Washington today (Ross, 1978). 5. Challeng es and implementation Urban agriculture has faced a lot of challenges despite its many positive impacts. The use of waste water for irrigation without careful treatment and monitoring can result in the spread of diseases among the population. This has been a challenge to the urban agriculture and it has reduced the military capability of the urban residents towards the food products from urban farmers.Cultivation of food crops on contaminated land can cause health hazards for the consumers (Bell, 1998). This has led to decrease in demand of the urban agricultural products and it is the whole concept that lacks the benefits that it deserves. The cultivation of food crops and the rearing of animals along road sides facilitate the distribution of products to local markets. However, this poses some health risks since it exposes foods to a number of pollutants such as car emissions. It is evident that urbanization and agriculture are very incompatible.There has been stiff competition fo r the urban agriculture, for labor and resources, and it is unfortunate person most individuals prefer to work in an industry or firms than to work in farms. This has led to poor labor as a factor of production and what results is the poor output in the food production. The practice of urban agriculture has been criticized by those who believe in industrial food production. The critics argue that food can be produced at larger volumes and perfect quality in a more efficient and sustainable way.This criticism has led to many people miss trust in the urban agricultural products (Bell, 1998). The only mean of implementing the methods of urban agriculture will be through educating the public about the importance of include the culture. Addressing issues on genetic applications in food production will be important in acceptance of the novel technologies by the public. The companies applying advanced technologies in agriculture should not hide anything from the farmers (Clark, 1999).Wat er treatments systems should be improved to ensure that water used for agricultural food production is safe for human health.ReferenceAmin, S. (2002). Africa Living on the Fringe. Monthly Review (March), pp. 41-50. Retrieved May 4, 2010 from, http//polisci. osu. edu/faculty/mcooper/ps597readings/Amin. pdf Bell, J. (1998). A Greener Than Green Revolution? Seedling (Newsletter of GRAIN Retrieved May 3, 2010 from, http//www. grain. org/publications/dec982-en. cfm Bruno, K. (1992). The Corporate capture of the Earth Summit. Retrieved May 3, 2010 from http//multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1992/07/mm0792 07. html Clark, E. (1999). ecstasy Reasons Why Farmers Should Think Twice Before Growing GE Crops. Retrieved May 4, 2010 from, http//www. plant. uoguelph. ca/research/homepages/eclark/10reasons. htm DeWalt, B. (1985). Mexicos Second Green Revolution Food for Feed. Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos, 1(1)29-60. FAO. (n. d). Overall strategic framework. Retrieved May 4, 2010, from http//www. fao. org/docrep/X3550e/x3550e03. htm Feder, E. (1970). Counterreform. In Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Agrarian Problems and Peasant Movements in Latin America.Garden City, NY Doubleday. Retrieved May 4, 2010 from, http//www. ditext. com/feder/counterreform. html Langevin, M & Rosset, P. (1997). Land Reform from down the stairs The Landless Workers Movement in Brazil. Retrieved May 4, 2010 from, http//www. mstbrazil. org/rosset. html Martine, G. , Guzman, J. M. , & Schensul, D. (2008). The Growing Food Crisis Demographic Perspectives and Conditioners. Retrieved May 4th, 2010 from http//km. fao. org/fileadmin/user_upload/fsn/docs/UNFPAFoodCrisis_Demographics Nov19-versionMarch20. pdf Neondo, H. (2003). Kenya-Experts call for Urba

Sammy Quits A&P on a Whim

Sammy, an immature and impulsive 19-year old in Updikes short story, A&P, allows infatuation with a hardly clad girl to override his common sense and good judgment.His juvenile thoughts spur a chivalrous act that may hold back long-term consequences on his career and the relationship with his parents. Sammys foolish decision to quit his job as a supermarket cashier is based merely on lust, and he to the highest degree instantly regrets his futile move to woo the fleeting girl.Sammys base impulse is to ogle and crudely assess three young girls who demean the Boston-area A&P where he runs the register. These girls, in their summer bathing suits, captivate and stun the seemingly adolescent Sammy. He assesses the first young girl as a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can. This crude reaction indicates that Sammy may have misogynistic tendencies. Stunned by sexual thoughts, Sammy makes an eagle-eyed spendthrifts day when he double-charges her for an item. Th en, his misogyny is confirmed when he humorously surmises that if his perturbed customer had been born at the right time they would have burned her over in (nearby) Salem.Sammy then trains his probing eyes upon the majestic young girl, the magnate, who will quickly become his undoing. He is infatuated by the peel top of her chest that glistens, unshielded by her downed bathing suit straps.He is smitten with her looks and the way she carries herself, but he demeans and minimizes whatever thoughts and intelligence this girl may possess. Sammys chauvinistic, superior attitude is glaringly exposed when he wonders how girls minds work (do you really think its a mind in there or further a little buzz like a bee in a glassjar?) Based on his upcoming actions, perhaps Sammy is the one with the tiny, insect-like brain.The lustful, arrogant Sammy is among his kind as he observes most of his male co-workers. His married, slightly older cohort, Stokesie, and the older meat counter attendant, McMahon, seem just as prone to ogle and demean any cute young things who enter the store.Sammy holds other customers in contempt as he mocks them as dull compliant sheep that mindlessly follow their dreary, meaningless routines. still the store manager, Lengel, is mature and immune to instinctive male sexual impulses. He bluntly confronts the bikini-clad girls and says this isnt the beach.Sammy then stupidly succumbs to his juvenile mindset by defend the girls and challenging the judgment of his boss. His primitive, simple-minded instincts overwhelm any reasonable thoughts that might suggest restraint and responsibility.When the queen pays the smitten Sammy with a folded dollar bill that has been sweetly lodged between her luscious breasts, his fate is sealed. Sammy reflexively blurts, I quit. The prudish Lengel gives the impulsive Sammy a chance to reconsider his brash career decision, but Sammy is committed to his wrong-headed thrust. Almost instantly, his queen flees out of hi s sight and out of his life forever.Sammy, recently unemployed, is stranded in the supermarket parking lot with the realization that an impulsive act of chivalry fueled by lust may have altered his life forever. A likely bleak reality emerges as his stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter.

John Stuart Mill And Liberalism Essay

flush toilet Stuart footle (May 20, 1806, Pentonville, England May 8, 1873, Avignon, France) was mavin of the greatest and most(prenominal) influential liberal thinkers of the XIX century and also a famous political economist and a Liberal Member of Parliament from 1865 to 1868 (Plank). As a prominent thinker, Mill introduced a new doctrine of indecorum and tramp be considered as a first-rate liberal and a second-rate utilitarian (Reeves). John Stuart Mill (Source httpwww. liberalinternational. orgeditorial. aspia_id=685)Conceived for the first time as a short essay in 1854, Mills famous and enormously influential book On Liberty that he published in 1859 is considered one of the founding philosophical works of classical liberalism and also one of the most fundamental texts on the concept of liberty. In the book which concerns social and civil liberty, the philosopher explores the character of the power that society can legitimately exercise over individuals, and advocates the ir moral and economic waivedom from the kingdom (John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill Political Philosopher).The most important point and basis for liberty made by Mill in his book is that Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is self-governing. Individuals exercise their sovereignty both through their judgment and actions. The main ideas that Mill explains in his On Liberty could be assorted into the following sections. 1. Mill opens his treatise by pointing out that the regimen is a dangerous weapon if it is non appropriately controlled and if its authority is not limited by the liberty of the citizens. In this charge, Mill suggests, citizens exit be ruled by a government whose rule is guaranteed against oppression and tyranny.However, at a demon stage society develops into democracy varlet 2 which does not fear tyranny any longer but where the majority can easily criminalize or marginalize a minority group of society and encroach on their rights or liber ty. Mill call(a)s it the tyranny of the majority and believes it is much worse than the tyranny of government because it is easier for individuals to be protected from a autocrat than against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling. He saw a danger of the old repression of despotic rulers being replaced by despotism of custom.Rules of conduct, thus, would be based on the majority opinion and there would be no protection in law against its tyranny (John Stuart Mill). He emphasizes that social tyranny is the greater danger than political tyranny for modern nations such(prenominal) as Britain (Heydt). As in Mills view the prevailing opinions within society be not necessarily the correct opinions on the one hand, and an individual has the right to choose whatever preference for his moral beliefs on the other hand, Mill concludes that this authority is wrong and unjust.In this case, individuals will be harmed, then their sovereignty over themselves will be impaired (John Stua rt Mill). 2. Mill argues for a need of rational rule that would govern individuals within society, and thus introduces and explains his so-called harm principle which is supposed to regulate the limits of intervention in an individuals actions. Individuals can act as they wish as long as their actions do not harm other individuals.Society should not intervene if the action affects only the individuals that undertake it even though these individuals are harming themselves. In Mills view, in a civilized community society has the right to legitimately exercise power over any individual against his will only in order to prevent harm to others. However, Mill distinguishes two categories of harms. If an individual fails to pay taxes, rescue another drowning individual, or appear in court to give evidence, then these acts (which he calls acts of omission) should be qualified as harmful and whitethorn be regulated.But if individuals give their combine to take risks without fraud or force , for example, by accepting unsafe employment offered by others, this is not considered as harming them (acts of commission). Page 3 In this case, society is not allowed to intervene except when individuals sell themselves into slavery (John Stuart Mill). 3. Children cant take care of themselves and may instead harm themselves unintentionally. That is why, Mill explains, they do not give sovereignty over themselves, the harm principle cant be applicable in this case and society is allowed to interfere with them against their will.Barbarians fall into this category, too. Mill states that barbarians cant be sovereign over themselves and that despotism over them may be justified in cases when the end result is the improvement of their life. But as soon as they become more civilized and have the capability to decide for themselves, they must be given liberty from the government and its tyranny. Good examples of this, Mill illustrates, are Charlemagne and Akbar the Great who compassion ately controlled and helped barbarian nations better manage their lives (John Stuart Mill). 4.According to Mill, human liberty includes several components without which individuals cant be truly free Individuals are free to think as they wish, and to feel as they do (the freedom to opinion and of speech). Mills argues that the freedom of speech is necessary for social give because allowing people to freely express their opinions and ideas, even if they are false, is useful for two reasons. First, in an open exchange of ideas individuals are likely to read that some of their beliefs may be erroneous and will thus abandon them.Second, in the process of debate individuals reaffirm their beliefs and prevent them from turning into mere dogma. Mill believes that it is important for individuals to understand why their beliefs are true (John Stuart Mill). Individuals are free to pursue tastes however immoral they may be considered by others so long as they are not harmful to others (Joh n Stuart Mill). Page 4 Individuals are free to meet with other individuals (the freedom of assembly) (John Stuart Mill). 5.Mill believes that religion should be criticized in the same way as are other systems of thought regardless of the offence that such criticism may cause. One of main purposes which governed Mills philosophical endeavours all his life was his commitment to replace Christianity with a Religion of Humanity (Carey). 6. Mills liberal ideas made him an advocate of the development of efficient local government and associations and he fiercely opposed central control. He argued for the parents obligation to educate their children but disapproved of a central education system run by the state (John Stuart Mill).In what concerns individual freedoms, it is quite important to understand that Mill gives the specific justifications for them because he believes they will promote the progress of civilization and will be respectable for society. Mill does not regard liberty a s a standard of value and does not mention any natural rights of individuals in his discussions. Instead he is mainly concerned with the utility of rights and freedoms of individuals for the social progress (John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill Political Philosopher).Many critics point out that Mill underestimated the important theatrical role of social order and custom as a source of security or freedom. His liberalism is also weakened in the eyes of other critics who do not share his extremely optimistic view of human nature. They are particularly pessimistic about his rosy belief that it is humans conditioned engagement in a continuous attempt to achieve personal development that results in the existence of diverse personalities and viewpoints (Reeves).Mill is also often criticised for justifying the right of one actual nation to exercise despotism over other underdeveloped nations (or barbarians as he calls them) on the grounds that it brings them the benefits and advantages of h igher civilization (John Stuart Mill and Liberal Page 5 Imperialism). Despite criticism, the remarkable greatness of Mill lies in his readiness and willingness to combine both his thoughts and actions. He was a progressive philosopher who was ready to go to put behind bars for his beliefs.It is not surprising then that six years after he published his great book On Liberty, he decided to stand for fan tan in order to better implement his beliefs. His most known initiatives include the introduction of an amendment to the Reform bill in a successful attempt to give women equal voting rights his relentless pursuit of Governor Edward Eyre for having brutally suppressing an uprising in Jamaica his fierce opposition to the suspension of habeas corpus in Ireland his successful attempt against an attempt to prohibit demonstrations or meetings in public parks, and many others (Reeves).By and large, Mills career as a liberal politician could be regarded as a relative failure. His performa nce was usually acclaimed, but he often found himself in opposition to the aims and wishes of his electors. He was quite reluctant to agree with his own principles just to get support of his electorate, and this resulted in his failure to be re-elected in 1868 (John Stuart Mill Political Philosopher). 200 years after his birth, Mills liberalism is still relevant(Source http//www. prospect-magazine. co. uk/article_details. php? id=7439)Mills was aware that On Liberty as well as many others of his philosophical works raised several important problems, such as the tyranny of uniformity in opinion and practice which would be more faced future generations than were by his own and that some critics believed that these problems were exaggerated because they were expression more at contemporary facts than at existing tendencies (Reeves). It may be argued that the issues that Mill was interested in and consistently dealt with in his time are without a doubt still relevant and important tod ay (Plank).BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Carey, G. W. The Authoritarian Secularism of John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the creative activity Wide sack http//www. nhinet. org/carey15-1. pdf 2. Heydt, C. John Stuart Mill Overview. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. iep. utm. edu/m/milljs. htm 3. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill 4. John Stuart Mill and Liberal Imperialism.Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. antiwar. com/stromberg/s051802. html 5. John Stuart Mill Political Philosopher. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. john-mill. com/ 6. Plank, B. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. liberal-international. org/editorial. asp? ia_id=685 7. Reeves, R. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. prospect-magazine. co. uk/article_details. php? id=7439

Bristol and Liverpool: the Demise and Rise of Rival Ports in the Eighteenth Century Slave Trade.

Bristol and Liverpool The demise and rise of rival ports in the eighteenth atomic lean 6 hard worker share. In the early eighteenth century, Bristols dominant position as a break ones back employment port remained virtually unchallenged. Yet, by the remainder of the century, Liverpool firmly established its status as Britains leading slave art port, surpassing Bristol completely. Despite some similarities between the rival ports, a tote up of factors, decisions and circumstances serve to explain Liverpools magnificent rise and Bristols consequent demise.The ports differing geographical locations, markets, patronage goods, vessels, sails and fight impacts all played a federal agency in Liverpools subversion of Bristol. The decision-making and problem capabilities of the merchants in like manner proved influential in the developments of the ports. This probe argues that most importantly, the Bristolian merchants poor economic and market decisions, compared with the e xceptional business acumen of Liverpudlian merchants, sealed the fate of both ports. Bristols geographical location and new parliamentary legislation acted favourably to propel the town into the slave trade.The location of the River Severn and Bristol Channel encouraged early involvement in trade over the waterways, stimulating the development of the port city. Contri thoions to Atlantic trade in addition initiated Bristols role in the earnings trade, following the capture of Jamaica in 1655. 1 However, change magnitude disceptation in the trade of sugar thrust Bristol merchants into the trade of slaves. An Act passed in 1698 shape up encouraged Bristols participation in slave job, stating that any subject of Great Britain could trade to any part of Africa between cape Blanco and the Cape of Good Hope, successfully closureing the Lon slang Companys monopoly. 2 Bristols geography served to hinder the ports avocation ability, in the first place referable to difficulties in navigating the meandering River Avon, its wide tidal range, and industrial waste in the river. Geographical location and legislation also contributed to Liverpools commencement in the slave trade. Located on the coast in northwest England, Liverpool benefited from close proximity to many industrial and textile producing centres such as Manchester, Birmingham and Sheffield. A network of rivers, including the River Mersey, make the port easily accessible to the many incoming and outgoing vessels. 3 The Isle of Man provided a useful off shore base, allowing for trade with Ireland and entry into the shameful trade with Spain. The Grenville Treaty of 1747 soon ended this arrangement, forcing Liverpudlian merchants to consider new options for trade. Utilizing the knowledge and wealth gained from contraband trade, the merchants developed vessels and goods specially suited to the African market, place them towards gaining entrance to the slave trade. 4 Small vessels and on board slave rev olts lessened the slave carrying capacity and efficiency of Bristol merchants charges.The smaller size of Bristol vessels perhaps resulted from the winding thirst of the River Avon, with navigation difficult for larger ships. The period 1727 to 1769 provides an example of seventy Bristol vessels, one at fifty tons, thirteen at fifty-one to seventy-one tons, and thirty-eight at seventy-six to one hundred tons. 5 Even before Liverpools rise, London outshone Bristol in tonnage, 5,925 tons to 4,250 tons at a value of 137,000 to 98,820 pounds Stirling. 6 The origins of slaves purchased by Bristolians, join with lengthy on shore waiting times for slave deliveries, both reduced carrying capacity and efficiency of vessels.A concentration of suicide prone Ibo slaves and insubordinate Ibibio slaves caused many problems. Consequently, merchants received instruction to shackle and bolt slaves from the popular Bight of Biafra region, to reduce the loss of slaves on board vessels. 7 Liverpoo l merchants similarly witnessed slave revolts, but they go through superior carrying capacity and efficiency of vessels. Liverpool specialised in manufacturing fast slaving vessels in the docks of the River Mersey. 8 Liverpools carrying capacity far exceeded that of Bristol, as demonstrated in the 1100 ton Kent of 1773, the largest ship built in no(prenominal)thern England. 9 Such large ships and the capacity of five slaves per two tons, allowed for maximum vessel efficiency, and in 1753, 101 Liverpool vessels managed to carry over 30,000 slaves to the Americas. unretentive vessel conditions for slaves resulted from maximising carrying capacities, and up to a third of slaves died. 10 One renowned incident on board the Zong displays how captains attempted to avoid the loss of slaves lord Collingwood threw 132 indisposed slaves overboard in order to claim insurance, rather than risk not selling them in the Americas. 11 Unbearable conditions on board also resulted in increased mutin ies between 1751 and 1775, which Mannix and Cowley attribute to ruthless Liverpudlians efforts to save money by reducing the size of crews on vessels. 12 Slaving voyages and their destinations impacted bulkyly on Bristols attempts to gain bulge in the slave trade. Bristols shorter voyage time gave merchants a distinct advantage over London, and until the 1730s most Bristol voyages travelled to the Bight of Biafra where they encountered little contention. 13 Most Bristol voyages targeted grizzly Cala jam, which oversupplied male slaves, leading to many trading failures. Merchants such as jam Rogers exactly managed a delivery rate of seventy- common chord per cent from this region. 14 Bristol destination choices remained conservative, including Angola and the gilt Coast, despite increasing competition there from Liverpool. 15 The rise of Liverpool caused a vast reduction in voyages made by Bristolians. Jamaican voyages fell from sixty-nine to cardinal per cent from 1728 to 1730 . 16 As a result, the period of 1786 to 1807 produced only 240 voyages, compared with 2,473 from Liverpool. 17 Voyages direct to Jamaica became a common trend by 1750, with 104 trips taking place between 1749 and 1755, compared with cardinal voyages following various triangle trade patterns. 18 Liverpool merchants achieved more numerous and varied voyages and destinations compared with Bristol. Liverpools first slave trade voyage departed in 1708, which is a much later entry than Bristol. Despite Bristols early advantage and established market destinations, Liverpool succeeded in creating new slaving destinations in areas such as sierra Leone, Cameroon and Gabon. 19 In contrast with Bristols prioritisation of the region, only one voyage took place to obsolete Calabar in 1793 out of forty-seven voyages, instead thirty-six sailed to Angola where slaves were much more desirable. 20 In 1771 alone, 105 vessels travelled to Africa, obtaining 28,200 slaves. 21 In Jamaica, Liverpool trad e comprised seventy-four per cent of delivered slaves and seventy-two per cent of visiting vessels. Liverpools dominant presence at Atlantic slave trade destinations displays the ports numerous options, and their lack of presence at the unpopular sites displays their fit business choices.The choice of trade goods further influenced Bristols success as a slave trading port. James Rogers voyages, perhaps not entirely typical of Bristol trading, provided African merchants with East Indian and slope textiles, bar iron, gunpowder, beads, hardware and liquor. 22 Other Bristol merchants traded with refined sugar, haberdashery, window glass, bottled beer, wrought iron, woollens, copper and brass, in return for slaves. Wales generally provided the tin and iron for Bristols supplies. 23 Once in Africa, in addition to slaves, Bristol merchants requested items such as wax, ivory and redwood, either for sale in the Americas or back in Bristol. 24 Interestingly, Bristolians sent little linen to the African coast in comparison with other slave trading ports. 25 Linen stood as a leading commodity in Liverpools choice of trading goods, magnanimous the port a considerable advantage over Bristol. Linen formed ninety-one per cent of all British exports to North America and western hemisphere Africa, which Liverpool benefited from due to its easy acquisition of Lancashire cottons and Manchester textiles. 26 Manchesters provision of checks and silk handkerchiefs contributed to the expulsion of Bristols German, French and Scottish textiles from the market. 27 In addition to linen, Liverpool traded copper and brass from Staffordshire, salt from Cheshire, and firearms from Birmingham. Liverpool also re-exported a number of goods from East India, such as Chintz, glass beads, cotton and calicoes. 28 The careful assortment of trade goods meant numerous colonies studyed trade with Liverpool. A number of planetary conflicts severely hindered Bristols progress in the slave trade.Throug hout the eighteenth century conflicts existed with France, Spain and America. Bristols location in relation to the Bristol Channel meant a great number of vessels were lost to french privateers. 29 Consequently, Bristol successfully turned to privateering during the Spanish Succession from 1702 to 1713. The capture of over seventeen of its vessels by the Spaniards deepened Bristols involvement in privateering further during the Seven Years war (1756 to 1763). softwood with the westside Indies suffered in consequence, due to the heavy amount of investment in privateers. 30 The American War of Independence and posterior loss of American colonies hampered the triangular trade, which Bristolians heavily relied on. Shipping from the United States dropped from approximately 21,202 tons in 1773-7 to 12,326 in 1778-80. 31 Bristols slave trade experienced war in an entirely negative way during this period. On the other hand, Liverpool made substantial gains from Great Britains involvemen t in international conflicts. Williamson, an observer of the War of the Austrian Succession 1739 to 1748, stated that trade flourished and spread her golden wings so extensively that if they had ossessed it seven years longer, it would have enlarged the size and riches of the town to a prodigious degree32 Involvement in conflicts meant that the dockyards on the River Mersey fitted out many ships in order to fill the void left by Bristols departure from trade. Slave trading voyages increased considerably during the wars, and vessels successfully avoided meeting French privateers due to Liverpools advantageous geographical location. War also enabled Liverpool merchants to take advantage of price differentials between England and the colonies.Profits inevitably resulted, which contrasts starkly with Bristols experience of the wars. 33 Vast potential existed for profit in the slave trade, in so far when factoring in costs, Bristol struggled to reap the benefits of the system. Loss of slaves in the middle passage presented one expense, as Captain Blacks letter to James Rogers depicted. His voyage lost thirteen female slaves, fifty-six males and sixteen sailors. 34 Bristol merchants also stipendiary generous wages, commissions and financial incentives to captains and slave sellers in order to ensure a allegiant partnership. 35 When Robert Thiennisons brother, a cook on Rogers Pearle, died, he requested wages of 55 shillings for a months work, revealing the high wages paid by Bristolians. High duties also frustrated Bristol merchants, especially those on tobacco, which is something they specialised in. 36 David Richardson offers an estimated return of 7. 8 to 19. 8 per cent on Bristol voyages, however Rogers voyages barely managed three per cent profit, and the highest estimate still comes in lower than the profits made by Liverpudlians. 37 Liverpudlian merchants made significantly higher profits in the slave trade, primarily due to cunning commercial decisions. Manipulated stock records enabled merchants to avoid paying duties on up to twenty per cent of the tobacco shipped into the port. 38 Proposed estimates suggest that 100-ton ships returned profits of 750 pounds Stirling establish on five Negroes per two tons. 39 The Liverpool vessel Lively produced a 300 per cent profit in 1737, but most voyages secured around ten per cent profit, which barely proved sufficient considering the risks involved in slaving. 40 One particular Liverpool voyage achieved a profit of 8000 pounds Stirling (before deductions for victuals and trade goods), with costs approximately comprising duties of 134 pounds, resort wages of thirteen pounds, Captain salary of 4 pounds per 104 made on total returns, and commission costs of 454 pounds Stirling. 41 Liverpudlians clearly possessed a unique ability to make large profits, despite mounting costs. The merchant oligarchy of Bristol overlooked crucial investments in port facilities in favour of spending profits on voluptuary lifestyles, proving detrimental to their trade acts.Instead, investments centred around the urban renaissance taking place in the city, rather than focusing on shifting towards industrialisation42. Prioritising Caribbean ventures over local anesthetic industrial schemes demonstrates a further hindrance to the development of Bristol. 43 It appears that Bristolians preferences centred on funding a lifestyle founded on wealth and consumption, reflected in the growing local demand for sugar and tobacco. Furthermore, Bristol did not invest in the port until the nineteenth century, when developments included a floating harbour, which proved highly inefficient also. 44 Comparatively, the port of Liverpool received extensive urban development as a result of profits made in the slave trade. The city underwent considerable expansion and urban growth, facilitating merchants ability to exploit the Atlantic trade system and various markets. The citys wealth stemmed from the merchants , hence their control over city developments. Subsequently, profits funded financial structures and transport networks including canals, alter Liverpool to maintain control over sources of goods such as the salt of Cheshire. 45 Investment in the docklands proved most influential, earning Liverpool the title of largest ship construction site in England, with sixty-one of the 161 English-built slave vessels manufactured in Liverpool. 46 The swift response to mercantile needs and construction of the Midlands canal network resulted in the shipment of valuable, high demand trade goods to Liverpool, not Bristol. A notable shift in Bristols priorities may vizor for Liverpools eclipse of Bristol as the leading slave trading port in England.The transition to specialisation in the sugar trade proves the most convincing causal factor in the reduced role in slave trading. The Bristolian pleasures derived from sugar, tobacco and snuff consumption drove merchants to focus on supplying the domes tic market with what locals demanded. 47 The sugar industry thrived in Bristol, which is reinforced by the sustained existence of twenty sugarhouses between 1720 and 1775. 48 Tobacco and sugar faced restrictions regarding direct trade to foreign countries, perhaps further encouraging Bristolians to cater to local markets. 49 One argument proposes that Bristol became more conservative, simply preferring safer, more profitable trade options as they arose. A Jamaican agent noted that Bristolis rich enough, but dont care to launch out much. John Wesley, an abolitionist, also observed Bristols love of money and ease. 50 The increasing abolitionist surround and comparative ease of the sugar trade perhaps rendered the Bristolians content with exiting the slave trade. The lack of familial slaving dynasties and a reluctance to engage in mercantile competition with close ties offer two further justifications for Bristols demise in the slave trade.Bristol failed to secure dynasties through whi ch to pass commercial knowledge and wealth to, mainly because eighteen of the leading twenty-five Bristol merchants died as bachelors. Encouraging others to continue the slave trade proved particularly difficult. The problems faced in re-exporting tobacco presented one deterrent, and the unavoidable encounters with disease on the African coast and challenges in securing return goods also discouraged new entrants to the trade. 51 Bristol merchants tended to form strong, friendly connections with fellow traders, making ruthless competition difficult.To wage war against familial, banking or residential associates would destroy useful connections and jeopardise ones study. 52 Liverpool merchants, on the other hand, formed strong bonds and maintained family dynasties, but did not refrain from competition, further enhancing their prominence. 53 The Bristol merchants experienced limitations in available market options, which presented a sizeable obstacle to success in the slave trade. Br istol traders lacked the vital trade goods necessary for securing demand from markets that would stock vessels with wellnessy slaves from desirable locations.Merchants such as Rogers tended to focus on Jamaica and Grenada to sell their slaves, places whose markets displayed an aversion to slaves from Old Calabar due to their poor health and high mortality. 54 These detrimental oversights in buying unsuitable slave cargoes and being unaware of the slave preferences at plantations provided great motivation to move away from trading in slaves. Bristol persisted in trading commodities with Jamaica, South Carolina and Charlestown, however they gained no advantage over Liverpool or even London. 55 Furthermore, Bristol failed to respond to new markets such as the Ceded Islands including Dominica and St Vincent, passing the opportunity wide open for Liverpool. Liverpool slave traders successfully seized every new market opportunity that arose, providing numerous market options for the dive rse trade goods they supplied. After trade opened up in 1750, Liverpool launched into trade with Upper Guinea and other markets in America, where they made gains over Bristol. 56 Liverpool also possessed advantageous contacts throughout the tungsten African coast, especially Sierra Leone. 57 In contrast to Bristol, Liverpool concentrated on lesser markets such as Barbados and the Leeward Islands. Barbados supplied over fifty per cent of Liverpools imports after 1735, closely followed by Chesapeake, the Leeward Islands and Jamaica. The range of trade goods supplied, and entrance into the trade at a time of colonial economy deceleration also enabled Liverpool merchants to almost monopolise the Anglo-American commercial market. 58 Liverpool merchants conducted business on the coast of Africa from the Senegal River to Ambriz59, where healthy slave populations attribute to the demand for Liverpool commerce in a vast number of West Indian locations. With so many options for destinations to conduct trade with slaves, it is unsurprising that Liverpool ousted the port of Bristol from its dominant position. Despite the numerous causes attributed to the demise of Bristol, the inability of merchants to make economical, competent business decisions ultimately present the most significant explanations.Bristolians paid munificent salaries to captains and crew, as well as allowing privileges, daily charges and commission payments. Captains ate and drank spendthriftly on shore, eroding profits considerably. Less profit also resulted from fully manning vessels, with the knock on effect of needing to charge more for slaves. 60 Bristol merchants found themselves outbid for slaves in Old Calabar, driving them to purchase unhealthy slaves. Their condition worsened further due to cheap provisions on board. 61 Consequently, prices achieved in the Americas for slaves were lower.The Bristol merchants justifiably earned a reputation as extravagant and unbusinesslike squanderers, who t reated their Captains like young gentlemen on the Grand Tour. 62 A credit crisis in 1793 caused many merchants to go bankrupt, putting an end to the slave trade for the majority of Bristolians. 63 The lack of business acumen amongst Bristol merchants proved detrimental to their success. Conversely, the business expertise and economical ability of Liverpudlian merchants secured the citys title of the most successful slave trading port in Europe.Liverpool merchants trained their crew mend, paid lower wages, and minimized outfitting costs. Additionally, merchants were economical by paying wages annually not monthly, and refusing cabin privileges, primages and port allowances. For example, crew ate salt beef and drank rum punch on board their vessel, compared with Bristol crewmembers excessive drinking of Madeira on shore. 64 Low expenditure enabled Liverpudlians to sell slaves for four to five pounds Stirling less than other traders, underselling Bristolians considerably. 65 Accepting Bills of Exchange avoided reliance on return goods for payment, giving flexibility to merchants, which allowed them to return direct to Africa to embark more slaves. Liverpool merchants skilfully evaded customs administrators by importing damaged and therefore duty free goods, and disembarking underweight hogsheads, only to re-export them at heavier weights. 66 These tricks meant payment of less duty tax, maximising profits. Resourceful and imaginative actions and decisions thrust Liverpool to record heights never reached by Bristol in the slave trade.Liverpools skilful rise to prominence in the slave trade undoubtedly provides explanation for Bristols demise from a once eminent slave trading port. Geographical location, vessel size, voyages, trade goods, international conflicts, market destinations, and urban development all provide convincing explanations of Bristols fall from the position of leading British port. However, problems could easily have been overcome or averted had t he Bristol merchants possessed strong business capability, judgement skills and knowledge.Perhaps Bristols priorities did shift toward catering for the domestic market. Nevertheless, the Bristolians lack of skills and knowledge, so clearly possessed by Liverpool merchants, sealed Bristols demise from a once world-leading slaving port to an average sugar-importing town. Liverpool on the other hand, traded slaves on such a grand scale that it secured its position amongst Europes leading port towns far beyond the abolition of the slave trade. Word Count 3,258 BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary SourcesAn count on of the ships employed in the African trade, from the ports of London and Bristol, belonging to the separate traders to Africa with the value of the said ships and cargoes, and the number of Negroes usually carried by the said ships, London, 1713, 18th Century Collections Online. Gale Group. Captain W. Black of the Ship Jupiter to James Rogers, possessor of The Jupiter, 20th August 1790, J ames Rogers Papers, Public Record Office, C/107/12, http//www. englandpast. net/education/.Great Britain, Parliament, An act for the better improvement of the trade to Africa, by establishing a regulated company, London, 1708, 18th Century Collections Online. Gale Group. Letter To Captain Richard Prankard commander of the integrity Snow to Angola, Bristol, 29 January 1732, Bristol Central university extension Library, The Jefferies Collection Volume 13, http//www. englandpast. net/education/. Letter from Robert Thiennison (? ) to James Rogers, slave ship owner concerning his brother who was a ships cook on the Pearl, Mr. Rogers London 15 August, 1786, Public Record Office, C107/8, http//www. englandpast. et/education/. Secondary Sources Behrendt, Stephen D. , Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave conduct, The William and bloody shame Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2001, pp. 171-204. Behrendt, Stephen D. , The Annual Volume and regional Distribution of the British slave trade, 1780-1807, Journal of African memorial, Vol. 38, 1997, pp. 187-211. Benezet, Anthony, Some historical account of Guinea, its situation, produce, and the general disposition of its inhabitants. With an inquiry into the rise and progress of the slave trade, its nature, and lamentable effects.Also a republication of the sentiments of several authors of note on this interesting subject particularly an root for of a treatise written by Granville Sharpe, Philadelphia, 1771, http//www. gutenberg. org/files/11489/11489-h/11489-h. htm. Clarkson, Thomas, The history of the rise, progress, and accomplishment of the abolition of the African slave-trade by the British parliament, Vol. 1, London, 1808, http//www. gutenberg. org/files/12428/12428-8. txt. Clemens, Paul G. E. , The Rise of Liverpool, 1665-1750, The Economic History Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1976, pp. 211-225. Enfield, William. An essay towards the history of Leverpool, drawn up from papers le ft by the late Mr. George Perry, and from other materials since collected, by William Enfield. With views of the principal public structures, a chart of the harbour, and a chromosome mapping of the environ, 2nd Ed. , 1774. eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group. Hyde, F. , Parkinson, B. , & Marriner, S. , The Nature and Profitability of the Liverpool Slave shift, The Economic History Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1953, pp. 368-377. Jones, S. J. The Growth of Bristol The Regional Aspect of City ontogeny, Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers), No. 11, 1946, pp. 57-83. Klein, Herbert S. , The English Slave Trade to Jamaica, 1782-1808, The Economic History Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1978, pp. 25-45. MacInnes, C. M. , Bristol and the slave trade, in Patrick McGrath (ed. ), Bristol in the Eighteenth Century, Newton Abbot, 1972. Mackenzie-Grive, Averil, The Last Years of the English Slave Trade Liverpool, 1750-1807, London, 1941. Morgan, Kenneth, Bristol and the At lantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, The English Historical Review, Vol. 07, No. 424, 1992, pp. 626-650. Morgan, Kenneth, Bristol West India Merchants in the Eighteenth Century, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 3, 1993, pp. 185-208. Morgan, Kenneth, James Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, Historical Research, Vol. 76, No. 192, 2003, pp. 189-216. Morgan, Kenneth, Shipping Patterns and the Atlantic Trade of Bristol, 1749-1770, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 3. , 1989, pp. 506-538. Richardson, David, Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001, pp. 69-92. Richardson, David, Slavery and Bristols Golden maturate, Slavery and Abolition, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2005, pp. 35-54. Williams, Gomer, History of the Liverpool privateers and Letters of Marque With an account of the Liverpool slave trade, London, 1897. Williams, Eric, The Golden Age of the Slave System in Britain, The Journal o f Negro History, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1940, pp. 60-106. Websites Liverpool & The Slave Trade, http//www. liverpoolinpictures. com/Slavery_in_Liverpool. htm 1 S. J.Jones, The Growth of Bristol The Regional Aspect of City Development, Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers), No. 11, 1946, pp. 64 71. 2 Great Britain, Parliament, An act for the better improvement of the trade to Africa, by establishing a regulated company, London, 1708, Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group. 3 Eric Williams, The Golden Age of the Slave System in Britain, The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1940, p. 67. 4 Gomer Williams, History of the Liverpool privateers and Letters of Marque With an account of the Liverpool slave trade, London, 1897, pp. 67-468. 5 C. M. MacInnes, Bristol and the slave trade, in Patrick McGrath (ed. ), Bristol in the Eighteenth Century, Newton Abbot, 1972, p. 173. 6 An account of the ships employed in the African trade, London, 1713, Eighteenth Cent ury Collections Online. Gale Group. 7 David Richardson, Slavery and Bristols Golden Age, Slavery and Abolition, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2005, p. 44 David Richardson, Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2001, pp. 74, 80. 8 Eric Williams, p. 69. 9 Averil Mackenzie-Grive, The Last Years of the English Slave Trade Liverpool, 1750-1807, London, 1941, p. 16. 10 F. Hyde, B. Parkinson, & S. Marriner, The Nature and Profitability of the Liverpool Slave Trade, The Economic History Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1953, p372 Anthony Benezet, Some historical account of Guinea, Philadelphia, 1771. 11 Thomas Clarkson, The history of the rise, progress, and accomplishment of the abolition of the African slave-trade by the British parliament, Vol. 1, London, 1808. 12 David Richardson, Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade, p. 77. 13 David Richardson, Slavery and Bristols Golden Age, pp. 42-3. 14 Kenneth Morga n, James Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, Historical Research, Vol. 76, No. 192, 2003, pp. 195, 200. 15 Kenneth Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, The English Historical Review, Vol. 107, No. 424, 1992, p. 641. 16 Similarly, South Carolinian voyages also fell by twenty-fiver per cent. Ibid. , p. 640. 17 Stephen D.Behrendt, The Annual Volume and Regional Distribution of the British slave trade, 1780-1807, Journal of African History, Vol. 38, 1997, p. 189. 18 Kenneth Morgan, Shipping Patterns and the Atlantic Trade of Bristol, 1749-1770, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 3. , 1989, pp. 515, 532. 19 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, p. 641. 20 Stephen D. Behrendt, Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2001, p. 88. 21 William Enfield, An essay towards the history of Leverpool, 2nd Ed. , 1774. 22 Morgan, James Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, p. 197. 23 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, p. 635. 24 Letter To Captain Richard Prankard commander of the Unity Snow to Angola, Bristol, 29 January 1732, Bristol Central Reference Library, The Jefferies Collection Volume 13. 25 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, p. 635. 26 Ibid. Eric Williams, p. 67. 27 Gomer Williams, p. 467. 28 Liverpool & The Slave Trade, http//www. liverpoolinpictures. com/ Enfield, p. 85. 29 MacInnes, p. 175. 30 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, pp. 630-2. 31 Jones, p. 76 Ibid. 32 Mackenzie-Grive, p. 4. 33 Paul G. E. Clemens, The Rise of Liverpool, 1665-1750, The Economic History Review, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1976, p. 210. 34 Captain W. Black of the Ship Jupiter to James Rogers, owner of The Jupiter, 20th August 1790, James Rogers Papers, Public Record Office, C/107/12 35 Richardson, Slavery and Bristols Golden Age, p. 40. 36 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, p. 645. 37 Morgan, James Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, p. 215. 38 Clemens, p. 215. 39 However, restrictions of two Negroes per ton reduced potential profits to 200 pounds Stirling per voyage. Hyde et al. , p. 372. 40 Liverpool & The Slave Trade, http//www. liverpoolinpictures. com. 41 Gomer Williams, p. 471. 42 Richardson, Slavery and Bristols Golden Age, p. 46-7. 43 Kenneth Morgan, Bristol West India Merchants in the Eighteenth Century, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. , 1993, p. 205. 44 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, p. 628. 45 Clemens, p. 212-7. 46 Herbert S. Klein, The English Slave Trade to Jamaica, 1782-1808, The Economic History Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1978, p. 42. 47 Richardson, Slavery and Bristols Golden Age, p. 47. 48 Jones, p. 71. 49 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, p. 646. 50 Morgan, Bristol West India Merchants in the Eig hteenth Century, p. 204. 51 Ibid. , p. 203. 52 Ibid. , p. 205. 53 Clemens, p. 217. 54 Morgan, James Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, pp. 205, 209, 215. 55 Clemens, p. 219. 56 Richardson, Slavery and Bristols Golden Age, p. 46. 57 Morgan, James Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, p. 199. 58 Clemens, pp. 213-8. 59 Behrendt, Markets, Transaction Cycles, p. 172. 60 Gomer Williams, p. 471. 61 Morgan, James Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, pp. 196, 203. 62 Mackenzie-Grive, p. 4. 63 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, p. 633. 64 Gomer Williams, p. 471 MacInnes, p. 170. 65 Ibid. , p. 470. 66 Clemens, pp. 215, 221.

Angel and Demons Book Report Essay

ANGELS AND DEMONSAngels and demons is a heart pounding adventure written by the author Dan Brown and create in 2000. Dan Brown is also famous for his bestselling novel The Davinci code (published 2003) both these novels feature the fictional college prof Robert Langdon as the main character or hero in the story. Both of these stories revolve around the smooth subject of religion as he incorporates religious fact into fantasy.First off, our characters include Robert Langdon who is a professor of symbology at Harvard University. He is flown to a Swedish nuclear look into facility known as CERN (Which in reality does exist) by the director of CERN Maximilian Kohler to investigate the murder of esteemed scientist Leonardo Verta. Leonardo Verta was the head scientist of a re assay group working on an antimatter energy source until he was killed, and the anti-matter stolen. Robert leaves CERN with Leonardos daughter Vittoria Vetra to Rome in search of the stolen anti-matter.Robert lea ves CERN with a new counterpart and one clue to solve the unraveling mystery of who stole the anti-matter and killed Leonardo Verta the ambigram brand into the scientist chest saying Illuminati. Soon after arriving in Rome Robert and Vittoria are rushed to Vatican City by commander of the Swiss guard Commander Olivetti, as the situation grows more dire after 4 high ranking cardinals are kidnapped by the illuminati assassin, with one clue, one will each be slaughtered on the alters of science along the path of illumination. When the threat comes in that if they dont staunch the assassin by eight oclock the Vatican will be destroyed, as they travel against the clock to stop the remainder of the Vatican new problems will rise and betrayal is around every corner.This book is strongly recommended for readers who enjoy heavy(a) scale mysteries and people who enjoy stories involving conspiracies. This is because this story involves a race against time and a struggle to stop a secret s ociety that controls half of the government itself. This tale is a mind bending race against time and an enemy who seems to be everyone and control everything.