A T-shirt Epic Essay Example for Free

A T-shirt Epic EssayPietra Rivolis delightful narrative, The Travels of A T-Shirt in the spheric Economy, goes about a surprising journey around the global village to discover an entangled web of economic and governmental forces that move this piece of clothing around.The book is split into four wear outs of a t-shirts life. Part one of the book deals with the cotton industry. Rivolis own surprise at learning that the cotton used for her shirt comes from Texas opens up this chapter on the continuing dominance of the American cotton industry. The book wherefore continues to explain the reasons for theseaside from government subsidies, the larger part of Americas continuing competitive advantage is its virtuous turn of governance. In the United States, the farms work, the trade works, the government works, the science works, and the universities work. (Rivoli 7).The second part of the book is about the textile industrys so called race to the bottom. Industrialization is ushe red in by the textile industry, and Rivoli gives examples from 19th century England to the Asian economic powerhouses Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong in the 20th century. The third part is about the complexity of getting a textile import into the United States, with all the confusing legislation brought about by decades of governmental control held by textile manufacturers in America. In the final part of the book, Rivoli examines the global foodstuff for used t-shirts, which she concedes is the final place where markets actually determine its origin and destination.Free Trade or Protectionism The author is non making an argumentation for either protectionism or free trade. Obviously, as a trained economist, Rivoli favors free trade, as do all her colleagues in an al closely unanimous voice. However, the book does not argue for either side, and instead illustrates that both sides of this policy divide unwittingly spur economic development.Free trade policies encourage more race s to the bottom as production shifts to low cost countries however protectionist policies also contribute to another type of race. In the battle for quota imports to the United States, for example, investment has flowed into areas where there is less restraint on trade with the worlds largest consumer of textiles and apparel.In the modern-day case with China, the relatively low quota limits that China has for its exports to the US before the expiration of the Multifiber Agreement (MFA) (Rivoli 121) has back up investments in other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Sub-Saharan Africa. As the book notes, the exclusion of one creates opportunities for another, and the humble textile industry is the first footfall towards industrialization for many developing nations. As Rivoli further notes, when the MFA was scheduled to be taken down, a lot of other developing countries were scared of China eat everyones share of the textile pie. It represents one of the few actually plausible pro-protectionist arguments in the book, which are not really argued for but just explained.The role of governance in international tradeIts a given fact that politicians will listen more often that not to their constituents first instead of to rough-cut sense. Unfortunate as it may be, politics more often than not counter the market forces that power the global race to the bottom. Rivoli puts it as While the market forces powering the race to the bottom are strong, the political forces pushing back against the markets are strong as well, particularly in the United States. (Rivoli 115)This clash between the deuce has made importation of textiles a very complicated business in the United States, and changes the face of international trade with it. If an item cannot be trade from China, it is imported from Mexico instead, giving an artificial advantage to some countries that will not be there if market forces were solely in control. The decisions that politicians like congressmen and senators in Washington nettle often influence the very futures of some countries in the world.Rivoli characterizes American industries that are aging as trying to escape market forces by clinging on to their political supports. Instead of a paradise of no intervention and perfect competition, what happens is that more often politics exert a big unpredictable force that tilts the par over completely.Another example was 18th century England, where to no avail Parliament tried to pass acts that would protect their domestic wool producers. Instead of having the think consequences (i.e. eliminating imported cotton), it just pushed international trade to adapt to the circumstances.The race to the bottom phrase used so much in the book is one of the most intriguing ideas of Rivoli. Basically it says that the textile industry, like all industries is governed by market forces. On the supply side, producers seek more and more productivity for lower costa reaction that sparked the original Industrial Revolution. However, as wages go up along with production cost, producers are keen on reducing costs and preserving low prices with huge markets. These trends doom an industrial countrys textile production after it becomes less competitive than another aspiring country who is not the leader in the bottom of production costs.The fire of the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, and then in the last century to Asia, where during the past twenty or so years China has held the spot as top in this ubiquitous race to the bottom.The other side of the argumentthose activists who come about higher minimum wages and better labor standards, hasten the fall of a country from the race to the bottom, but at the akin time also hasten industrialization and the development of other more value-added industries. It also makes another country leader of the race to the bottom, ready to start the cycle all over again.This history repeats itself phenomenonf rom Britain to Taiwan leaves the reader enthusiastic of the future, and of how economics will eventually make all the people of the world feel a little bit better.R E F E R E N C ERivoli, Pietra. The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy. New Jersey Wiley, 2005.