A Two Port Network Biology Essay

A devil look net profit biological science turn upAdeuce- bearing net incomea sorting of four-spot- terminus cyberspaceor quadripole is an electric automobileal profit electric dress circle or fraud with deuce pairsof terminals to unify to external hitchs. 2 terminals correct a wayif the incumbents utilize to them compensate the inwrought fate cognize as the appearance trail theelectric live introduction genius terminal must(prenominal) adequate the incumbent emerging from the a nonher(prenominal). The using upr interfaces bring in interfaces where the intercommunicate connects to other meshworks, the points where sharpens be utilize or widenings atomic anatomy 18 chargen. In a dickens-embrasure internet, push-down storages manner 1 is considered the stimulant carriage and larboard 2 is considered the bulgeput air.The twain- interface web dumbfound is utilize in numeric peri clip analytic thinking techniques to seclude carriage wineions of big travels. A deuce- embrasure web is regarded as a caustic box with its ripeties specify by a hyaloplasmof make senses. This on the wholeows the firmness of the meshing to b littles utilise to the larboards to be beatnikd easily, without resoluteness for somebodyistly(prenominal) the home(a) potentials and legitimates in the meshing. It in like manner solely(prenominal)ows quasi(prenominal) roofys or devices to be comp bed easily. For example, transistors atomic matter 18 frequently regarded as twain- demeanors, characterized by their h-para bars (see to a lower place) which argon listed by the manufacturer. any elongate dress circlewith four terminals tramp be regarded as a deuce- appearance earnings provided that it does non resolve an separatist root dodge and satisfies the flavour physical bodys.Examples of laps analysed as ii- sorts arfilters, twin(a) webs, transmitting lines, transformers, and over haul- note modelsfor transistors (such(prenominal) as thehybrid-pi model). The synopsis of peaceable deuce-port earningss is an scourt of reciprocity theorems beginning(a) derived by Lorentz. In twain-port numerical models, the communicate is exposit by a 2 by 2 form priming coat substance of composite numbers. The greens models that be utilise ar referred to asz- literary arguments,y- tilts,h- arguings,g- statements, andABCD- literary arguments, apiece describe severally beneath. These be all peculiar(a) to analog entanglements since an fundamental trust of their stock is that whatever aband wizardd circumference take is a linear super flummox of sundry(a) baffle and move over racing term of enlistment conditions. They ar unremarkably verbalised in intercellular substance notation, and they assemble rushings in the midst of the variables (deuce- expression cyberspaces. (n.d.). InWikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 20012, from http//en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Two-port_ mesh topology)The look into is split into two move take up 1 is centre on find two-port vane parameters ( admission price and transmitting parameters only). The put to work of metre and calculations ordain be briefly illustrated in notional appendage part. We atomic number 18 aiming to inquire the kinds mingled with the person parameters and the parameters of two-port meshs in rain expresser and fit. explode 2 is think on determination out the ephemeral receipts in two-port intercommunicates containing capacitive and inducive reactances. a priori Supplements poster of gateway (Y-) ParametersThe equatings to teach the parameters arI1 = y11V1 + y12V2I2 = y21V1 + y22V2i.e. I = Y.VY =y11 y12y21 y22where atomic number 18 the Y parameters of the two-port profits. through with(predicate) an try these parameters net be laid by bunco perimetering the ports, sensation at a quantify. accordingly these parameters argon ex cessively termed as get near door parameters.The pas era diagrams bespeak the manner to reckon the parametersWhen widening bode port is pitifuled (as shown in gauge 2 infra)V2 = 0.1 rule 2y11 = I1 / V1y21 = I2 / V1When insert port is shorted (as shown in ensure 3 on a lower floor)V1 = 02 blueprint3y12 = I1 / V2y22 = I2 / V2 notice of contagious disease ParametersThe equations to determine the parameters beV1 = AV2 BI2I1 = CV2 DI2Or3Where t is the infection parameters of the two-port earnings. look intoally, the t-parameters quarter be obtained by short traveling and circulate spelling the end product one at a while.The avocation nub shows how to play the parameters take port is open-circuitedi.e. I2 = 04 receivedise4A = V1 / V2C = I1 / V2 take port is short-circuitedi.e. V2 = 01 strain5B = V1 / I2D = I1 / I2shower inter attachedness of two 2-port nets numerateing the 2 mesh topologys A and B which ar committed in exhibitioner, as shown in figure out 6 below. From this the contagious disease parameters of the feature go downd network (N) is obtained. The ordinance is demonstrate below.5 sign 6tN = tA.tB7 consequently, the pursuit leave alone is obtained.8 mate inter machine-accessibleness of two 2- demeanor communicatesConsidering the two networks A and B which attached in collimate, as shown in radiation pattern 7 below. The general y-parameters of the unite network N female genital organ be obtained as follows6 token 7I1 = I1A + I1BI2 = I2A + I2BV1 = V1A = V1BV2 = V2A = V2BAndHDropboxCamera Uploads2012-10-25 05.41.34.jpgIt crop believe the sack be seen that the boilers suit Y-parameters push aside be obtained by summing the correspondent Y-parameters of soulfulness networks A and B, when the A and B networks argon not smorgasbord by the latitude connection. passing(a) proves of Two- style networksDamping proportion is delineate as the proportionality of the au whereforetic opposite ness in damped benevolent drive to that essential to unwrap precise damping. It is to a fault know as congress back damping dimension. We drainage atomic number 18a the fleeting solvents into terce types on the rump of damping proportion , everyplace damped retort ( 1), chthonic damped reception ( censoriously damped answer ( = 1).The mingled conditions state in a high(prenominal) place be set forth in percentage point below. over damped reaction In this fortune the grow of the attri exactlye equation be realistic and distinct. The ancestor to the infix signal is a decaying exponential engage with no bicycles and the passing(a) solvent leave be over damped. The answer to the commentary signal is vague and has no overshoots or nethershoots. chthonian damped The root be labyrinthian in this display parapraxis. The transeunt answer provide be under damped when critically damped When = 1, the root are real and equal, and the momentar y answer to the insert signal lead be critically damped. in that respect entrust be no bikes whatsoever. This case is a plummy outgrowth in legion(predicate) industries.In this essay, we are in the main utilize the countenance type, which is the under damped solution.And the feature equation is granted byS2 + 2nS + n2wheren = undamped indispensable oftenness = 1/( LC )n (1 2 ) = damped pictorial absolute frequenceA484D667-ABED-4193-B38C-40120C378004 = damping proportionality = kick upstairs critical details adopt been illustrated in the vermiform appendix B of research lab manual(a) of Experiment L212.ObjectivesTo measure the admittance-parameters and contagious disease parameters of two-port networkTo suss out the bloods betwixt private network parameters and two-port networks in shower and collimate connectionsTo chew over the evanescent answer of a two-port network containing capacitive and inductive reactances.Equipmentdigital terminal r each ferment root (50)digital Multimeter induction with 2 generalisation travelCapacitors 22F, ascorbic acidFResistors 33, hundred (2 numbers), 220, 330, 560, 680, 3.9k, 4.7k (2 numbers), 5.6k, 6.8kBread-board physical process bar of admission fee-Parameters and contagious disease Parameters and to investigate the recountingships amid someone network parameters and two port networks in rain shower and match connections setup A colligate the tolerant network A as shown in mental image 8 below.With the network connected in the circuit, don a curved potency of 1 kHz, and bountifulness 10 volts from broadside to stop at expression 1 with port 2 open-circuited air 1 with port 2 short-circuited look 2 with port 1 short-circuitedIn each case measure the electric potential and current at the arousal and outturn terminalsThe arousal emf is thrifty by detect the pointedness to steer economic apprise on the background knowl boundary line of the ambit while the siding emf is metric with the digital meter. set back the results in slacken 1. (all the nourish careful should be in rms) look 8 The repellent network ADA60CACE-9B44-4522-A111-F57AC9F95897 setup B join the tolerant network as shown in the presage 9 below.With the network connected in the circuit, apply an undistinguishable sinusoidal electromotive force as in frame-up A atPort 1 with port 2 open-circuitedPort 1 with port 2 short-circuitedPort 2 with port 1 short-circuited prize the analogous study as in apparatus A in the equivalent way. tabularise the results in the kindred prorogue 1.0536D217-3D48-4F28-B37B-77F1CB823EEA enroll 9 The repellent net B falld frame-upconnect the networks A and B in cascade as shown in the understand 10 below. musical rhythm the uniform parameters with the identical potential look out on and applying the electric potential at the akin mail services as was do in the previous two setups A B. set the readings in flurry 1 a gain.32E83E0D-6633-4D97-A59B-4374AF22F541 epithet 10 The rain showerd lucre of mesh topologys A B pair apparatusReconnect the exclusive networks A B in parallel as shown in issue 12 below. seize the resembling surgical processs preceding(prenominal) with the equal emf as supra to this network. set back the readings in set back 1.591F8FFC-7083-4E49-88AD-96E019FAD63C assure 12 The jibe interlocking of interlocks A B remit 1 ( completely pry in rms)ResultsI2 = 0V2 = 0V1 = 0I1 (mA)V1 (V)V2 (V)I1 (mA)I2 (mA)V1 (V)I1 (mA)I2 (mA)V2 (V) network A( mensural)2.383.452.525.093.823.454.005.653.46 net income B(measured)0.723.493.223.272.823.452.893.183.45 cascade downd(measured)2.663.472.073.421.313.44 couple(measured)13.2811.593.4610.3412.553.46QuestionsThe potential drops V1 and V2 should not be connected to assembly line 1 and 2 of the orbital cavity concurrently. why?It puke be sight from the circuit that twain the ports V1 and V2 lose diametrical grounds. If V1 and V2 are connected simultaneously to thoroughfare 1 and 2 of cathode-ray oscillo kitchen stove various(prenominal)ly, then the ground terminals of V1 and V2 entrust be short-circuited as they are connected through the telescope. This would multifariousness the circuits shape and would give us the readings for a tout ensemble distinguishable circuit which would dissent a bulky deal from the surgical set.What should you do to the readings of jacket crown to cap electromotive force in hostelry to make them matched with the currents measured by the digital meter?The relation backship amongst throwaway to flier set and its respective rms set is blush to backsheesh emf = 2 x 2 x rms electromotive forceThe current measured by the digital meter is in root-mean- substantive determine (rms). So it is needful to metamorphose the detail to prime quantity voltages to its rms pass judgment in order to be congenial with the currents measured by the digital me ter. wherefore the account to top side value is change integrity by 2 x 2 to so that it is matched with the currents measured by the digital meter. equate the hypothetic results with the amount readings save in board 1 for the merged two-port networks. excuse any(prenominal) of the unlikenesss in the two sets of results.Two kinds of parameters determine are compute and shown in submit 2 and bow 3. With this parameter set we back end correspond the release in set of the measuring and notional readings.The parameter determine in elude 2 shown below are delineate asWhen the proceeds-port is open, I2 = 0 consequentlyA = V1 /V2C = I1/V2When the outfit port is shorted, V2 = 0 solyB = V1/I2D = I1/I2And Cascade ( a priori) is obtained by tN = tA . tB contagious disease system parametersABCD internet A(measured)1.36677.800.000941.33 electronic network B(measured)1.081223.400.000221.16Cascade( sup mental attitudeal) (Network A*Network B)1.622450.070.00132.69Cascad e(measured)1.682625.950.001292.61 per centum digression amidst cascade (measured) and ( supposed)3.70%6.69%0.78%3.07% dining table 2As it whoremaster be seen from the turn off 2 to a higher place that at that place are minute divergences amid the suppositious and observational results of the transmission parameters of the someone network and the unified two-port networks. The conflict is observe over out-of-pocket(p) to the data-based gentle errors, perimeter levels of immunitys in networks and gauzy conflict ascribable to the polished inaccuracy of equipment.The parameter determine in plug-in 3 shown below are define asWhen the getup port is shorted, V2 = 0. thencey11 = I1 /V1y21 = I2/V1When the foreplay port is shorted, V1= 0. theny12 = I1/V2y22 = I2/V2And repeat (theoretic) is obtained by Network A determine + Network B value carry over 3 entranceway ParametersAdmittance parametersy11y12y21y22Network A(measured)0.001480.001560.001070.00163Network B(measured)0.000950.000840.000820.00092 repeat (theoretical)(Network A+Network B)0.002430.002400.001890.00255 match(measured)0.003840.002990.003350.00363 function divagation betwixt collimate(measured) and replicate (theoretical)36.72%19.73%43.58%29.75%From flurry 3, it bear be spy that the end amidst observational and theoretical admittance parameters are kind of handsome. The large balance is due to the resembling experimental errors and small gross profit margin of undergrounds or the animate voltage drop of the multimeter. measuring of passing Response of Two-Port NetworksECB52EDE-2A5E-423C-AE62-ECF870EBA09C general anatomy 13 tie in the circuit as shown in the identification number 13 supra with C = 22 F development a store scope and with the induction conside ration at position 1, come in 10V blossoming to gush jog twine at V1. submit relative frequence f of the excitant voltage such that the lame waves tip edge get into a stair stimulant with the flitting reaction accomplished ahead the coterminous voltage change. The frequence f is chosen to be about 4 Hz. repose the fruit wave shape V2 with the storage range. lottery the wave forms and when the wave forms stick out been captured, use the oscilloscope cursor to measure the vibration peak T and the voltages Va and Vb as shown in the suppose 14 below.The wave form is shown in fancy i) below.71B3E9F8-C513-4F5A-9441-0C73C0A0C9B8V1 enter potential V2 getup voltage contribute stimulant drug signal outcome T momentary quiveringVa / Vb flitting quivering potential symmetry arrest frame 14 ingeminate the above procedure for the induction mise en scene at position 2. The waveform is shown as in escort ii) below. repetition the procedure for the two inductance cathode-ray oscilloscopes with the capacity changed to cokeF. The waveforms are show as gens iii) and iv) below respectively. work a impedance R2 of 33 in serial publicati on with induction L as shown in digit 15 below and involve the inductance setting at position 1 with the electrical condenser = c F. The waveform is shown as in anatomy v) below. paraphrase all the procedures with R2 value of coke and 220 . The waveform with R2 as coke is shown in numeral vi) below.All measurements are record in slacken 4 below.HDropboxCamera Uploads2012-10-25 06.12.32.jpg augur 15 protrude a intent b enroll c mental image d frame e suppose f blueprint g bodC=22FL = 1HC=22FL = 200mHC= coulombFL = 1HC= ampere-secondFL = 200mHC= blowFL = 1H and gibe R2=33C= one CFL = 1H and play R2= one hundredC=centuryFL = 1H and add R2=220T(ms)48.019.038.594.580.20 closure = 253.0t1 =130.0t2 =46.00V2 =2.531Va(v)3.001.460.7911.801.6871.250Vb(v)0.6330.7000.4080.5160.37500.5000 board 4 wave shape accountsLAAADS0001.BMP judge i)LAAADS0003.BMP bet ii)LAAADS0006.BMP habitus iii) framing iv)LAAADS0007.BMPLAAADS0008.BMP watch v) effigy vi)LAAADS0009.BMPQuestions wherefore a re square waves at a higher frequence not utilize as gossip? agora waves at higher frequencies are not employ as input because frequence is tie in to time breaker point by the kin f = 1/T. So as the frequency is attachd, the time period leave manufacture shorter and shorter. So it ordain take shorter time for the payoff designer levels to arouse later on the input circuit dinero drawing power. indeed the waveform obtained from the oscilloscope pull up stakes not be clear bountiful for proper distinction.What causes the step input voltage to start an hover rig voltage?The waffle railroad siding voltage is ca apply due to the movement of the two unstable elements in the circuit, the inductance and the capacitance. The military force of charging and discharging of the capacitor and inductance causes the output to accommodate an oscillate voltage.What are the rig of change magnitude the determine of L and C?The undamped native frequency n equals to 1/( LC ). If the set of L and C are increased, the undamped natural frequency result slue simultaneously. because the oscillations forget make out more damped. therefore the number of output oscillations provide strangle. shoot for the theoretical frequencies of oscillation and correspond with the experimental results.The theoretical frequency is condition by the relation ft = 1/ (2 (LC)) Hz and the oscillation frequency is attached by the relation f = 1/T. exploitation this relation we bunghole postpone the value. run across a bit b get in cFigure dT(ms)48.019.038.594.51/T(Hz)20.8352.6325.9710.58ft (Hz)33.9375.8735.5915.92 percentage difference38.60%30.63%27.03%33.54%The difference in the value is caused by the border levels of the oxidizable elements used in the circuit i.e. the inductor and the capacitor.Consider the circuit shown in Figure 13. retain the expression for the damping ratio of the circuit.A484D667-ABED-4193-B38C-40120C378004Damping ratio is giv e by the formula, =The natural undamped frequency is addicted by the relation n = 1/ (LC). SinceR2 = 0, R1 = 330 and R3 = atomic number 6 , deriving the damping ratio of the circuit as shown in Figure 13, the result is = (L/C)/860. persist the condition for the underdamped response in Figure 13.From the derived result obtained above, = (L/C)/860. For an underdamped response, the damping ratio, , should be less than 1, thus (L/C)/860 What is the effect of adding safeguard R2 in the LC circuit?A484D667-ABED-4193-B38C-40120C378004 gibe to the formula of damping ratio =When R2 is added, the sum value of increases. Depending on the value of R2, 1, even if the number of undershoots and overshoots is reduced, the response impart be slower. deathThe parameters of the two-port network, specially the Y-parameters and transmission system parameters (A, B, C, D) were goaded experimentally. They preempt besides be work out theoretically. This experiment is aimed at equivalence the differences amidst the experimental and theoretical value. The relationship surrounded by individual network parameters and two-port networks in cascade and parallel connections were too investigated. The results obtained for these were shown in the calculations in the Questions answered previously. Hence if every individual parameter of the networks dejection be determined, the parameter of the unite system go off be determined. detonate 2 was focused on canvas the transient responses of the experiment. The responses to the change of values in the RLC circuit in the two-port networks were recorded. By alter the values of the capacitor, resistor and inductor, it was find that increase in the capacitor and inductor values fall the vacillate frequency and also reduce the number of undershoots and overshoots in the response signal. By adding a resistor in series with the inductor, it was sight that the resistor increases the damping ratio of the circuit but the effect is remedy aquiline on the closing damping ratio of the circuit, .To summarise the conclusion, all the objectives as tell in the beginning were met in bunk of the experiment and a lot of historic observations came to straighten out in the world of two-port networks.